Our circadian model
DIOS maps each patient’s body-clock phase, then aligns dose timing to physiology — not population averages. That is how we recover efficacy and cut avoidable waste.
The drugs don’t work
Across the UK and globally, billions are spent on medicines that patients take at convenient but biologically wrong times. The problem is rarely the molecule alone — it is mismatch between dose timing and each person’s circadian phase.
National overprescribing review
England’s national overprescribing review estimated that at least 10% of primary-care prescription items may not need to have been issued — medicines patients do not need, want, or that cause more harm than benefit. That waste sits alongside a separate, larger story: medicines that are appropriate but taken at the wrong clock phase, so they never reach full effect.
NHS England — overprescribing review (2021) →NHS medicines waste
£300M+
NHS England attributes over £300 million per year to medicines waste linked to poor adherence, unused stock, and medicines not taken as intended — timing is a core part of “as intended”.
NHS pharmaceutical waste reduction →WHO and health-system analyses worldwide describe the same pattern: high spend, uneven outcomes, and optimisation gaps where chronotherapy is rarely operationalised in routine care.
Personalise to body clocks
When timing aligns with physiology, patients need fewer escalations, switches, and wasted packs. NHS medicines waste and overprescribing reviews both point to the same lever DIOS targets: take fewer wrong doses, and make the right doses work at the right time.
The circadian model
Every patient is scored across circadian disease nodes — what a clinician reviews before adjusting timing. Tap any node for mechanism, drug clusters, and signals.
The evidence
DIOS intervenes where shift-worker populations sit on the curve from mild jetlag to chronic disease
Social jetlag from misaligned social and biological clocks
Metabolic strain from sustained circadian drift
Elevated cancer risk in long-term shift cohorts
Neural decline linked to broken sleep architecture
DIOS catches circadian disruption at the behavioural stage — before metabolic, cancer, or neurological pathology — and informs the prescribing decision without prescribing or dosing
Peer-reviewed tiers
Foundational chronotherapy trials and drug-specific timing evidence behind the model.
Statement of design intent — not a scientific claim.
Every major chronotherapy trial — Hygia, MAPEC, TIME, the Roenneberg chronotype normative dataset — was conducted on predominantly Northern and Southern European populations. The MSFsc norms, the dip timing thresholds, the recommended dosing windows: all calibrated to a demographic that represents a fraction of the patients GPs see in Auckland, London, or Melbourne.
DIOS is the first platform to correct for this. Skin tone-adjusted light entrainment, location-specific photoperiod, and wearable-derived chronotype mean that a Māori patient in Auckland in June and a South Asian patient in Birmingham in December receive timing recommendations calibrated to their actual body clock — not a German or Spanish population average.
Chronodosing is the conclusion of decades of circadian science — DIOS is the clinical tool they argued should exist
University of Oxford
Director, Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi) / Head, Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology
Key work · Life Time (Penguin, 2022) — Sunday Times bestseller. Chapter 10: "When to Take Drugs." Discovered photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (pRGCs) — the biological mechanism underlying light-driven circadian entrainment.
→ The leading UK authority on circadian neuroscience. Life Time establishes chronodosing as mainstream Oxford science and argues directly for the clinical tool DIOS has built.
University of Ferrara, Italy
Chronobiologist, cardiovascular chronotherapy researcher
Key work · Co-author, TIME Chronotype sub-study (eClinicalMedicine, 2024). Extensive publication record on circadian cardiovascular risk.
→ Core investigator on the closest clinical trial to DIOS's antihypertensive module — chronotype-informed dosing of antihypertensives and cardiovascular outcomes.
University of Dundee (MEMO Research)
Lead author, TIME Chronotype sub-study
Key work · Pigazzani et al. (2024). "Effect of timed dosing of usual antihypertensives according to patient chronotype on cardiovascular outcomes." eClinicalMedicine. DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102633
→ Used a questionnaire to assess chronotype. DIOS replaces the questionnaire with continuous wearable-derived MSFsc — the next step this trial pointed towards.
Warwick Medical School / INSERM Paris
Pioneer of cancer chronotherapy, founder of the Warwick Cancer Chronotherapy Unit
Key work · inCASA European Project — first home-based multidrug chronotherapy delivery platform for metastatic cancer patients. Over 30 years of clinical chronotherapy trials.
→ Established the clinical feasibility of wearable-monitored chronotherapy delivery at home. DIOS extends this model from oncology into primary care.
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
Chronobiologist, developer of the Munich Chronotype Questionnaire (MCTQ)
Key work · Roenneberg et al. (2007). "Epidemiology of the human circadian clock." Sleep Medicine Reviews. 11(6): 429–438. Coined "social jet lag." Developed MSFsc as the validated chronotype metric.
→ DIOS uses MSFsc — Roenneberg's validated metric — derived continuously from wearable data rather than a one-time questionnaire. His normative dataset was European; DIOS corrects for non-European populations.
University of Vigo, Spain
Lead investigator, Hygia Chronotherapy Trial and MAPEC study
Key work · Hermida et al. (2020). "Bedtime hypertension treatment improves cardiovascular risk reduction: the Hygia Chronotherapy Trial." European Heart Journal. 41(48): 4565–4576.
→ Established bedtime antihypertensive dosing as superior for cardiovascular outcomes — the core evidence for DIOS's non-dipper detection module. Note: reproducibility questions exist around Hygia; DIOS cites alongside the TIME study for balance.
University of Texas, Houston
Chronobiologist, founding figure of clinical chronotherapy
Key work · Smolensky, M.H., Peppas, N.A. (2007). "Chronobiology, drug delivery, and chronotherapeutics." Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. 59(9–10): 828–851.
→ Established the chronotherapy framework for anti-inflammatory and corticosteroid dosing — the evidence base for DIOS's prednisolone and NSAID module.
University of Basel, Centre for Chronobiology
Chronobiologist, circadian medicine translation researcher
Key work · Cajochen et al. (2025). "Stuck in time: The slow march of circadian medicine and how to speed it up." Journal of Sleep Research.
→ Documented precisely the clinical translation gap DIOS exists to close — chronobiological approaches exist but clinicians do not routinely apply them. DIOS is the workflow tool that removes that friction.